Marmalade

Hello there. I am very fond of jams (not the traffic type but the sweet ones), and among my favourites is the blackcurrant jam from South Africa. I am also partial to strawberry and apple jams.  Before 2014 goes away, I bring your attention to something I noticed on the breakfast table this morning.   A “Three Fruit Marmalade” which, by the way, I found to be very delectable. Out of curiosity, I examined the bottle and label, and discovered that it contained three citrus fruits, grapefruit, oranges and lemon.  

This particular three fruit marmalade from England got me puzzled a bit, as I have always thought that marmalade was made from oranges. Maybe this was because, where I grew up, we had only the orange marmalade all the time. Dundee from Scotland produces a very well known orange marmalade since 1797.

A check with some of the best known English dictionaries revealed that marmalade is made from mainly orange but other citrus fruits are also used.

The Concise Oxford  Dictionary, “ a preserve of citrus fruits, usually, bitter oranges, made like jam”.

Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. “a sweet food  made from cooked fruits such as oranges or lemons that is usually spread onto bread and eaten at breakfast.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, ”a jam made from fruit such as oranges, lemons or grapefruit, usually eaten at breakfast.”

I like this one from Cassell’s English Dictionary, “a jam or preserve prepared from fruit, especially oranges or lemons, boiled with the sliced rind.”

Lastly, one from the Webster’s  Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, “  a jellylike preserve in which  small pieces of fruit and fruit rind, as of oranges, lemons, etc., are suspended.”

There you are, the next time you go to the supermarket, look for the ‘Three Fruit’ type. Or the other citrus fruits beside orange. 

For a detailed write up on marmalades  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmalade  would be a good start. It does give an indication as to why some of us in the British Commonwealth countries take it for granted that marmalade is made from orange only. The famous marmalade from Dundee Scotland is made from orange.

Footnote:  A Marmalade cat is a cat with orange fur. The Cambridge International Dictionary of English defines it as a cat with fur which is dark orange with small strips of yellow or brown. It is not strange therefore that marmalade is associated with orange only.

With Regard To

This is another very common mistake that I often hear people make. It is simply ignorance of the proper usage of the word. Is it 'With regard to' or 'With regards to'? 

If it is regarding something, you say, 'With regard to your payment......'or  'With regard to the usage of the car,...'. It is not right to say, 'With regards to your payment this month', or 'With regards to the usage of my motorbike'.

'Regards' with the 's' is used in the endearment sense.  You can say, 'With regards to your grandmother', meaning 'With best wishes to your grandmother'. You can see that people say, 'Send my love to so and so. So, similarly you would say, 'Send my regards to Mei Yoke'.

Offense and Offence

I'm back. Sabbatical year? Not really, just got busy with other pursuits.

I got rejuvenated with an email that I wrote to my A-level classmates from Ipoh in the late sixties. We were recalling nicknames given to each other, when I decided to chip in a bit to remind ourselves of how cheeky we could be those teenage years. Among those listed were a few who were no longer with us. I would offer a posthumous apology in each  case. Nickname, So and so. (no offense meant, So and so.)

It dawned on me that I used the word offense in each case, and being a former British Colony, Malaysians are taught the English or English English. So, the correct spelling should be offence.

So what is the difference between offense and offence?

Both words have the same meaning. Americans prefer offense.

Now, this opened a new kettle of fish. In the post independence era, some fifty over years now, many Malaysians went to American universities and they came home bringing along the American variation of  numerous everyday words. Color for colour, organise for organize. So, we now have a mixture of both American and British English spellings depending on the prevailing influence in the schools or office that you go to, the kind of books and newspapers that you read, and your preference for McDonalds or Fish and Chips.

For a simple introduction to American and British spellings this website is quite appropriate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences

Other variations comes from major English speaking countries like Australia, Canada and NewZealand and the British Commonwealth countries.

Same Spelling Different Pronunciation Different Meaning

It has been awhile that I wrote anything. June and I are back at Sarah and Scott's place in Parramatta,  Sydney. The weather is fine, and whether or not (homophone here unintentional) you realise it, there are many words in English that are pronounced differently, with different meanings, even though they have the same spelling. I am sure you can name quite a few. Such words, usually pairs, are referred to as Heteronyms.

Here are some examples (with sub-classification indicated for some variations of Heteronyms)

Read -  present and past tense. (Rhymes with hid and had) (Grammatical Function Heteronyms).

Polish -  wax and polish the floor and citizens of Poland (Capitonyms)

Resume and Resumé -  to begin again and a summary (Accent Heteronymns)

Now for the True Heteronyms - words that have the same spellings but have unique pronunciations and unique meanings.

lead - to guide and the metal. (Rhymes with lid and led)
row - row, row, row your boat and quarrel or have a row with your boss. (Rhymes with crow and cow)
wind - wind the clock (behind) and blowing in the wind (Bob Dylan)
minute - there are 60 seconds in a minute and there were minute amounts of arsenic in the dead husband's body.
present - the past and present and let me present to you our latest collection of diamonds from Pulau Ketam.

How about the following words :
desert
refuse
produce

For a more thorough discussion of heteronyms, the following website should be of interest: 

http://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_heteronyms.html

A and An

Today, let's talk about "a" and "an". When I was in school, may I add, a long time ago, my teacher told us this simple rule. Use "a" for words beginning with a consonant letter....a pussy cat, a church mouse, a silly nanny; use "an" for words beginning with a vowel....an orang utan, an old horse, an idiot, and so on.

Actually, the choice depends on whether the word begins with a consonant sound or not. This may be right or wrong, and is a bit tricky, as some words may be pronounced differently with dialects from different parts of the world. Take the word "history". The "h" is usually prounounced, hence "a history". However, with Cockney English,  sometimes the word is pronounced with the "h" dropped.  Hence, "an historian" or "an historical novel".  Saying "an history", "an hotel", etc., is incorrect and is not in keeping with proper English pronunciation anywhere, and does not appear in standard writing.

Above everything, in proper English, with words beginning with "h" but not pronounced, "an" is used. "An hour", "an heir". This is correct.

"A" is also used for words beginning with a "You" sound.  Thus, we say "a used old bag" or "a United fan"

Finally (?) , common errors occur in report writing, where numbers are involved. These are usually out of sheer carelessness or ignorance. For example, "They are going to build a RM80 million sports complex down the road." "An" should be the correct word.  "With a Do-It-Yourself bookshelves and wardrobes available in the market, furniture makers are losing out to the departmental stores". The "a" should be dropped.      

Flammable and Inflammable

Look at these pairs of words. Accurate and inaccurate. Appropriate and inappropriate. Decent and indecent. You can name many pairs like those I have pointed out. The second word is the opposite of the first, simply by adding the prefix "in".  There is, however, a strange case, in the words flammable and inflammable.

There is no difference in meaning between flammable and inflammable. Both mean burn easily. There is a preference, however,  for flammable in both British and American English. 
   
Actually, inflammable is the original form, derived from the verb inflame. "In" is derived from the Latin preposition meaning en (engulf, endanger, enslave) not the prefix meaning un. But because it’s easy to interpret the in as the common negative prefix in (as in inaccurate, inappropriate), the word has always caused confusion. Therefore it was only a matter of time, that Safety and Fire Protection Agencies and Associations would urged the use of the word "flammable" rather than "inflammable".

Bill Bryson (Dictionary of Troublesome Words, Penguin Reference, 1984) has this to say, "Because the meaning of inflammable is so often misapprehended, there is an increasing tendency to use the less ambiguous flammable. In other cases this might be considered a regrettable concession to ignorance. But it would be even more regrettable to insist on linguistic purity at the expense of safety."

Hanged and Hung

Now, hanged and hung are derived from the same word "hang". You hang pictures on the wall. So they were hung there last week. When prisoners are sentenced to be executed by hanging, it is laughable to say that they were hung yesterday. The correct term is "hanged". It is not that difficult to remember then. People are hanged. Pictures and other objects are hung.

But a reminder. Prisoners were hanged. Not "hanged to death". "Hanged" means that the prisoner is dead already.